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Microcontrollers and Ardunios
Microcontrollers are low-powered, single chip, computers designed to control simple devices like domestic appliances. A typical microcontroller is roughly equivalent to an 1980s computer like a ZX Spectrum in terms of computing power.
Microcontrollers run software to control a device. The microcontroller is interfaces to the physical word using special interfacing electronics.
The Arduino is a system of software and hardware that makes microcontroller capabilities easily available to the hobbyist.
Microcontroller
Interface
Electronics
Sensors, switches, motors etc.
Arduino Board
Arduino Shield